Energy Auditing in Electrical Utilities, With CD

An authentic and detailed handbook on the subject, Energy Auditing in Electrical Utilities discusses: various aspects of the induction motor; the working principle of a transformer; construction details and specifications of cables; advantages of providing capacitor banks in electrical network; various energy saving options in compressed air system; centrifugal pumps. Energy is required to run every business, whether industrial or commercial and most of it is obtained form scarce fossil fuel. Energy auditing helps to identify and minimize energy wastage. The technical subject of energy auditing involves many engineering branches like electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering. The energy auditor must have thorough knowledge about the mechanical equipments, as well as be good at finance, project management and decision-making. This book comes handy for all these. Main topics include: General aspects of energy auditing Squirrel cage induction motor Transformer HT and LT cables Lighting Capacitor bank Compressed air system Pumps Air conditioning system Software CD The software supplied with this book can perform all calculations in energy auditing. Various energy saving options can be analysed using this menu driven and user-friendly software. It can generate results of energy saving analysis in report form, which can be printed and attached with the energy audit report. This book will be useful to energy auditors, plant engineers, contractor, student sand all those who are concerned with performance monitoring and improvement of plant equipments.About the Author Rajiv Shankar has a B.E. from Malaviya National Institute of Technology (formerly Malaviya Regional Engineering College), Jaipur and an M.Tech. from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He is a senior member of IEEE and has 23 years? experience in installation, testing, commissioning and maintenance of electrical systems. He is now Chief Manager (Electrical), Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited, Surat. Ravi Shankar is a BureauofEnergy Efficiency certified Energy Auditor. Table of Contents General Aspects of Energy Auditing Introduction Benefits from Energy Audit Requirement to Conduct Energy Audit Methodology for Energy Audit Preparation of Tender Enquiry Document Scope of Work Clause Time Frame Clause Secrecy Clause Methodology Clause Commercial Terms and Conditions Clause Energy Audit Report Executive Summary General Aspects of Energy Auditing Energy Tracking System Utilities Infrastructure Assessment and Recommendation Conclusion Software Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Introduction Construction of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Special Design Feature for High Efficiency Motor Operation of Induction Motor Torque Speed Characteristics Types of Load Operating Parameters of Motor Power Factor Motor Efficiency Losses Core Losses Wind age and Friction Losses Copper Losses in Stator and Rotor Stray Load Losses Measurement of Efficiency Standards Measurement of Resistance Slip Measurement Loading of Motor No Load Test Determination of Energy Saving Determination of Load Assessment of Economic Feasibility Choice of Energy Efficient Motor Energy Saving Options in Oversized Motor Affect of Variation of Voltage on Performance of Motor Overvoltage Under voltage Effect on Efficiency Due to Variation in Load Power Factor Unbalance Phase Voltage Insulation System Service Factor Motor Improvement Programme Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) Conclusion Software Transformer Introduction Basic Principle of Working of a Transformer Losses Fixed Losses Load Losses Evaluation of Transformer Losses Reduction in Transformer Losses Energy Conservation Building Code Conclusion Software HT and LT Cables Introduction Selection of Cable Construction Insulation Inner Sheath Armouring Outer Sheath Specification Tests Installation Economics in Selection of Cable Conclusion Software Lighting Introduction Terms and Definition Lumen Lux Load Efficacy Lamp Circuit Efficacy Colour Rendering Index (CRI) Characteristic of Different Types of Lamps Aspects of Lighting System Designing Installed Load Efficacy Ratio Various Means for Energy Saving Use of Natural Daylight Reduction in Light Fixture High Efficiency Lamps and Luminaries Effect of Reduction in Supply Voltage on Energy Consumption Electronic Ballast and Low Loss Electromagnetic Choke Timers and Occupancy Sensors Fluorescent Tube Light CFL Lamps Energy Efficiency Building Code Lighting Control Exterior Lighting Control Conclusion Software Capacitor Bank Introduction Reactive Power Factor Remedy of Poor Power Factor Location of Capacitor Bank Economics of Power Factor Improvement Energy Conservation Building Code Metering and Monitoring Thermal Monitoring of Main Distribution System Power Distribution System Losses Conclusion Software Compressed Air System Introduction Types of Air Compressor Reciprocating Compressor Rotary Compressor Centrifugal Compressor Assessment Capacity Assessment Compressor Efficiency Isothermal