Microlenses: Properties, Fabrication and Liquid Lenses (Series in Optics and Optoelectronics)

Due to the development of microscale fabrication methods, microlenses are being used more and more in many unique applications, such as artificial implementations of compound eyes, optical communications, and labsonchips. Liquid microlenses, in particular, represent an important and growing research area yet there are no books devoted to this topic that summarize the research to date. Rectifying this deficiency, Microlenses: Properties, Fabrication and Liquid Lenses examines the recent progress in the emerging field of liquidbased microlenses.After describing how certain problems in optics can be solved by liquid microlenses, the book introduces the physics and fabrication methods involved in microlenses. It also details the facility and equipment requirements for general fabrication methods. The authors then present examples of various microlenses with nontunable and tunable focal lengths based on different mechanisms, including:Nontunable microlenses: Ge/SiO2 core/shell nanolenses, glass lenses made by isotropic etching, selfassembled lenses and lens arrays, lenses fabricated by direct photoinduced polymerization, lenses formed by thermally reflowing photoresist, lenses formed from inkjet printing, arrays fabricated through molding processes, and injectionmolded plastic lenses Electrically tuned microlenses: liquid crystalbased lenses and liquid lenses driven by electrostatic forces, dielectrophoretic forces, electrowetting, and electrochemical reactions Mechanically tunable microlenses: thinmembrane lenses with varying apertures, pressures, and surface shapes; swellable hydrogel lenses; liquidliquid interface lenses actuated by environmentally stimuliresponsive hydrogels; and oscillating lens arrays driven by sound waves Horizontal microlenses: twodimensional polymer lenses, tunable and movable liquid droplets as lenses, hydrodynamically tuned cylindrical lenses, liquid core and liquid cladding lenses, airliquid interface lenses, and tunable liquid gradient refractive index lensesThe book concludes by summarizing the importance of microlenses, shedding light on future microlens work, and exploring related challenges, such as the packaging of systems, effects of gravity, evaporation of liquids, aberrations, and integration with other optical components.